Physical and Verbal Bullying as Determinants of Social Adjustment Among Pupils with Intellectual Disability in Ibadan, Oyo State
Keywords:
Bullying, Social adjustment, Intellectual, Disability, Physical bullying, Verbal bullyingAbstract
The study examined the influence of physical and verbal bullying on social adjustment among pupils with intellectual disabilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design of the correlational type was adopted. Data were collected from 112 pupils with intellectual disabilities selected through purposive sampling from three special schools in Ibadan. The research instruments included the Bullying Forms Scale (BFS) and the Social Adjustment Scale – Self Report (SAS–SR). Demographic data were analyzed using percentages, while the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) were employed to test hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between physical bullying and social adjustment among pupils with intellectual disabilities (r(111) = .190, p < .05). Conversely, although verbal bullying was commonly experienced by the pupils (r(111) = .100, p > .05), it did not have a significant impact on their social adjustment. Based on these results, the study recommended that school authorities organize meetings with parents to develop strategies for addressing physical bullying. Additionally, it was suggested that the Oyo State Government enforce the Anti-Bullying Prohibition Act across schools to ensure a safer learning environment for pupils with intellectual disabilities. In addition, the teachers of pupils with intellectual disability should be provided with counseling service to promote social adjustment of the pupils in schools and society at large.
References
Adewoye, S. E. (2020). Bystanders’ experiences of school bullying following a self- debasing cognitive distortion restructuring intervention. Thesis for: Ph.D Educational Psychology. Retrieved online from researchgate.net
Akanbi, S. T. (2019). Variability in vulnerability to peer victimization among students with learning disability in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Special education, 17.1: 7-60.
Allen, K. P. (2010). Classroom management, bullying and teacher practices. Elementary Secondary Education 34 (1) (15. Eds,)
Bogart, L. M., Elliot M. N., Klein, D. J.,Tortolero, S.R.,Mrug, S., Peskin, M. F., Davises, S.L., Schink, E. T and Schuster, M. A. 2014. Peer victimization in fifth grade and health in tenth grade. Pediatrics: 133.3:440 – 447.
Coetzer, W. C. 2018. The Impact of bullying on children and adolescents. Ermss 108-15. https://doi.org/10.25236/ermss.2021.015
Dickson, b. G., Jeff, S. J., Paul, B. (2005).influence of vegetation, topography, and road on cougar movement in South Califonia. Journal of wildlife management: 264-276.
Donoghue, C., Almeida, A., Brandwein, D., Rocha, G., & Callahan, I. (2014). Coping with verbal and social bulling in middle school. The international Journal of emotional education, 6(2), 40-53. www.Um.edu.mt/cres/ijee. ISSN:2073-7629
Dude, S. 2022. Description of student social adjustment. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology (IJIERT) 9.4. ISSN: 2394 – 3696. ijiert.org.
Dunn, C., Chambers, D., & Rabren, K. 2004. Variables affecting student’s decisions to drop out of school. Remedial and Special education, 25(5), 314-323.
Glumbic, N., & Zunic-Pavbvies, V. (2010). Bullying behaviour in children with intellectual disability. Procedia Social and behavioural Science, 2(2), 2784 – 2788.
Ewang, C. (2019). Acomparative study of online and face-to-face learning contexs. https://selfdeterminationtheory.org
Fu, W. (2023). A critical examination of effective leadership in early childhood education. Journal of Educational leadership and Policy Studies, 7(10), 231-243
Hamidsyukrie, M. A., & Handayam, N. (2023). Verbal bullying and its effects on social relations of high school students in Mataram municipality. Sociology Education Study Program. A. Amrullah (Eds.): ACCESS SSEHR 686. 118-130.
Hawker, D. S., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment. A meta-analytic review of cross- sectional studies. Journal of child Psychology and psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 4(1), 441 -455.
Kalu, I. (2019). Effect of incorporating adaptive functioning scores on the prevalence of intellectual disability. Journal of Intellect Development Disability, 3(6), 65-71.
Kim, B. L. (2006). School bullying and youth violence: Causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior? Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1035-1041.
Komolafe, A. F., & Ikem, A. I. (2019). Assistive technology, self- esteem and home factors as a predictor of social adjustment of students with visual impairment in Lagos state, Nigeria. International Journal of educational Research, 6, 1.
Kumar, A. (2016). Relationship of academic anxiety among adolescent in relation to their home environment. International Journal for research in education, 2(7), 35-37.
Lasarus, R. S., & Folkman. S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. In L. Laux and O. Vossel (Eds.). Personality in biographical stress and coping research. European Journal of personality, 1, 141-169.
Norwich, B., & Kelly, N. (2004). Pupil’s view on inclusion: moderate learning difficulties and bulling in mainstream and special schools. British Educational Research Journal, 30(1), 43-65.
Ogunsola, G. O. 2019. Variability in vulnerability to peer victimization among students with learning disability in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Special education 17.1: 7-60.
Ogunsola, G. O. (2021). Parental Socio-economic status on social adjustment of Students with learning disabilities in Oyo. The Journal of advocacy and rehabilitation in special Education (JARSE), 21(1), 41-49.
Olusanya, E. O. (2021). Empty Nest syndrome and social well-being among older adult in Nigeria. Journal of Adult and Non formal education (SPED), 3(1), 214-229.
Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the Schools. Bullies and Whipping boys. Washington, D.C. Hemispere publishing corporation. ISBN 0470993618. 218
Oyefeso, E. O. (2019). Effect of discussion method and computer assisted instruction on social studies performance of pupils with intellectual disability in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Special Education, 17(1): 73-84.
Risser, S. D. (2013). Relational Aggression and academic performance in elementary school. Psychology in the schools, 50: DOI: 10. 1002/pits.21655 pp13-26
Rivers, I. P., & Noret, N. A. (2013). Observing bullying at schools: The mental health implications of witness status. School Psychology Quarterly, 24(4), 211-223.
Ryabova, N. V., & Parfyonova, T. A. (2015). Study of personal and social adjustment ability of the disable pupils. http: //dx. Doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n5p213
Sharma, S. (2016). Adjustment: process, achievement, measurement and dimensions. researgegate.net.
Sigurdson, G. A., Wallander, N. C., & Sund, D. F. (2014). Evaluation of a modified self-report measure of social adjustment. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 141(1), 68-75.
Solstice, W. (2020). How Does Bullying Affect Self-Esteem in Teens? https://solsticertc.com/how-does-bullyingaffect-self-esteem-in-teens/
Udo, G. C. (2023). Population growth and economic development in Nigeria. Retrieved online from researchgate.net
Vinney, C. (2021). What are the different types of bullying? verywellmind.com
Wolke, D., Wolke, W. E., Copeland, A., Angold, E. J., & Costello, T. D. (2013). Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychological Science, 24(10) pp1058-1970.
National Institution for Health and Care Excellence. (2022). Get Involve. Retrieved March 3, 2023 from https://www.nice.org.uk/get.involves.
World Health Organization. (2021). Social opportunities and challenges of the deaf. Unpublished Master’s thesis Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
